Policy Reference

Policy Reference Edit

This document is the authoritative specification of the Rego policy language (V1). All policies in OPA are written in Rego.

Built-in Functions

The built-in functions for the language provide basic operations to manipulate scalar values (e.g. numbers and strings), and aggregate functions that summarize complex types.

Comparison

Built-in	Description
`x == y`	`x` is equal to `y`
`x != y`	`x` is not equal to `y`
`x < y`	`x` is less than `y`
`x <= y`	`x` is less than or equal to `y`
`x > y`	`x` is greater than `y`
`x >= y`	`x` is greater than or equal to `y`

Numbers

Built-in	Description
`z := x + y`	`z` is the sum of `x` and `y`
`z := x - y`	`z` is the difference of `x` and `y`
`z := x * y`	`z` is the product of `x` and `y`
`z := x / y`	`z` is the quotient of `x` and `y`
`z := x % y`	`z` is the remainder from the division of `x` and `y`
`output := round(x)`	`output` is `x` rounded to the nearest integer
`output := abs(x)`	`output` is the absolute value of `x`

Aggregates

Built-in	Description
`output := count(collection_or_string)`	`output` is the length of the object, array, set, or string provided as input
`output := sum(array_or_set)`	`output` is the sum of the numbers in `array_or_set`
`output := product(array_or_set)`	`output` is the product of the numbers in `array_or_set`
`output := max(array_or_set)`	`output` is the maximum value in `array_or_set`
`output := min(array_or_set)`	`output` is the minimum value in `array_or_set`
`output := sort(array_or_set)`	`output` is the sorted `array` containing elements from `array_or_set`.
`output := all(array_or_set)`	`output` is `true` if all of the values in `array_or_set` are `true`. A collection of length 0 returns `true`.
`output := any(array_or_set)`	`output` is `true` if any of the values in `array_or_set` is `true`. A collection of length 0 returns `false`.

Arrays

Built-in	Description
`output := array.concat(array, array)`	`output` is the result of concatenating the two input arrays together.
`output := array.slice(array, startIndex, stopIndex)`	`output` is the part of the `array` from `startIndex` to `stopIndex` including the first but excluding the last. If `startIndex >= stopIndex` then `output == []`. If both `startIndex` and `stopIndex` are less than zero, `output == []`. Otherwise, `startIndex` and `stopIndex` are clamped to 0 and `count(array)` respectively.

Sets

Built-in	Description
`s3 := s1 & s2`	`s3` is the intersection of `s1` and `s2`.
`s3 := s1 \| s2`	`s3` is the union of `s1` and `s2`.
`s3 := s1 - s2`	`s3` is the difference between `s1` and `s2`, i.e., the elements in `s1` that are not in `s2`
`output := intersection(set[set])`	`output` is the intersection of the sets in the input set
`output := union(set[set])`	`output` is the union of the sets in the input set

Objects

Built-in	Description
`value := object.get(object, key, default)`	`value` is the value stored by the `object` at `key`. If no value is found, `default` is returned.
`output := object.remove(object, keys)`	`output` is a new object which is the result of removing the specified `keys` from `object`. `keys` must be either an array, object, or set of keys.
`output := object.union(objectA, objectB)`	`output` is a new object which is the result of an asymmetric recursive union of two objects where conflicts are resolved by choosing the key from the right-hand object (`objectB`). For example: `object.union({"a": 1, "b": 2, "c": {"d": 3}}, {"a": 7, "c": {"d": 4, "e": 5}})` will result in `{"a": 7, "b": 2, "c": {"d": 4, "e": 5}}`
`filtered := object.filter(object, keys)`	`filtered` is a new object with the remaining data from `object` with only keys specified in `keys` which is an array, object, or set of keys. For example: `object.filter({"a": {"b": "x", "c": "y"}, "d": "z"}, ["a"])` will result in `{"a": {"b": "x", "c": "y"}}`).
`filtered := json.filter(object, paths)`	`filtered` is the remaining data from `object` with only keys specified in `paths` which is an array or set of JSON string paths. For example: `json.filter({"a": {"b": "x", "c": "y"}}, ["a/b"])` will result in `{"a": {"b": "x"}}`).

The json string paths may reference into array values by using index numbers. For example with the object {"a": ["x", "y", "z"]} the path a[1] references y

When keys are provided as an object only the top level keys on the object will be used, values are ignored. For example: object.remove({"a": {"b": {"c": 2}}, "x": 123}, {"a": 1}) == {"x": 123} regardless of the value for key a in the keys object, the following keys object gives the same result object.remove({"a": {"b": {"c": 2}}, "x": 123}, {"a": {"b": {"foo": "bar"}}}) == {"x": 123}

Strings

Built-in	Description
`output := concat(delimiter, array_or_set)`	`output` is the result of joining together the elements of `array_or_set` with the string `delimiter`
`contains(string, search)`	true if `string` contains `search`
`endswith(string, search)`	true if `string` ends with `search`
`output := format_int(number, base)`	`output` is string representation of `number` in the given `base`
`output := indexof(string, search)`	`output` is the index inside `string` where `search` first occurs, or -1 if `search` does not exist
`output := lower(string)`	`output` is `string` after converting to lower case
`output := replace(string, old, new)`	`output` is a `string` representing `string` with all instances of `old` replaced by `new`
`output := strings.replace_n(patterns, string)`	`patterns` is an object with old, new string key value pairs (e.g. `{"old1": "new1", "old2": "new2", ...}`). `output` is a `string` with all old strings inside `patterns` replaced by the new strings
`output := split(string, delimiter)`	`output` is `array[string]` representing elements of `string` separated by `delimiter`
`output := sprintf(string, values)`	`output` is a `string` representing `string` formatted by the values in the `array` `values`.
`startswith(string, search)`	true if `string` begins with `search`
`output := substring(string, start, length)`	`output` is the portion of `string` from index `start` and having a length of `length`. If `length` is less than zero, `length` is the remainder of the `string`. If `start` is greater than the length of the string, `output` is empty. It is invalid to pass a negative offset to this function.
`output := trim(string, cutset)`	`output` is a `string` representing `string` with all leading and trailing instances of the characters in `cutset` removed.
`output := trim_left(string, cutset)`	`output` is a `string` representing `string` with all leading instances of the characters in `cutset` removed.
`output := trim_prefix(string, prefix)`	`output` is a `string` representing `string` with leading instance of `prefix` removed. If `string` doesn’t start with prefix, `string` is returned unchanged.
`output := trim_right(string, cutset)`	`output` is a `string` representing `string` with all trailing instances of the characters in `cutset` removed.
`output := trim_suffix(string, suffix)`	`output` is a `string` representing `string` with trailing instance of `suffix` removed. If `string` doesn’t end with suffix, `string` is returned unchanged.
`output := trim_space(string)`	`output` is a `string` representing `string` with all leading and trailing white space removed.
`output := upper(string)`	`output` is `string` after converting to upper case

Regex

Built-in	Description
`re_match(pattern, value)`	true if the `value` matches the regex `pattern`
`output := regex.split(pattern, string)`	`output` is `array[string]` representing elements of `string` separated by `pattern`
`regex.globs_match(glob1, glob2)`	true if the intersection of regex-style globs `glob1` and `glob2` matches a non-empty set of non-empty strings. The set of regex symbols is limited for this builtin: only `.`, `*`, `+`, `[`, `-`, `]` and `\` are treated as special symbols.
`output := regex.template_match(patter, string, delimiter_start, delimiter_end)`	`output` is true if `string` matches `pattern`. `pattern` is a string containing `0..n` regular expressions delimited by `delimiter_start` and `delimiter_end`. Example `regex.template_match("urn:foo:{.*}", "urn:foo:bar:baz", "{", "}", x)` returns `true` for `x`.
`output := regex.find_n(pattern, string, number)`	`output` is an `array[string]` with the `number` of values matching the `pattern`. A `number` of `-1` means all matches.
`output := regex.find_all_string_submatch_n(pattern, string, number)`	`output` is an `array[array[string]]` with the outer `array` including a `number` of matches which match the `pattern`. A `number` of `-1` means all matches.

Glob

Built-in	Description
`output := glob.match(pattern, delimiters, match)`	`output` is true if `match` can be found in `pattern` which is separated by `delimiters`. For valid patterns, check the table below. Argument `delimiters` is an array of single-characters (e.g. `[".", ":"]`). If `delimiters` is empty, it defaults to `["."]`.
`output := glob.quote_meta(pattern)`	`output` is the escaped string of `pattern`. Calling `glob.quote_meta(".github.com", output)` returns `\\.github.com` as `output`.

The following table shows examples of how glob.match works:

`call`	`output`	Description
`output := glob.match("*.github.com", [], "api.github.com")`	`true`	A glob with the default `["."]` delimiter.
`output := glob.match("*.github.com", [], "api.cdn.github.com")`	`false`	A glob with the default `["."]` delimiter.
`output := glob.match("*:github:com", [":"], "api:github:com")`	`true`	A glob with delimiters `[":"]`.
`output := glob.match("api.**.com", [], "api.github.com")`	`true`	A super glob.
`output := glob.match("api.**.com", [], "api.cdn.github.com")`	`true`	A super glob.
`output := glob.match("?at", [], "cat")`	`true`	A glob with a single character wildcard.
`output := glob.match("?at", [], "at")`	`false`	A glob with a single character wildcard.
`output := glob.match("[abc]at", [], "bat")`	`true`	A glob with character-list matchers.
`output := glob.match("[abc]at", [], "cat")`	`true`	A glob with character-list matchers.
`output := glob.match("[abc]at", [], "lat")`	`false`	A glob with character-list matchers.
`output := glob.match("[!abc]at", [], "cat")`	`false`	A glob with negated character-list matchers.
`output := glob.match("[!abc]at", [], "lat")`	`true`	A glob with negated character-list matchers.
`output := glob.match("[a-c]at", [], "cat")`	`true`	A glob with character-range matchers.
`output := glob.match("[a-c]at", [], "lat")`	`false`	A glob with character-range matchers.
`output := glob.match("[!a-c]at", [], "cat")`	`false`	A glob with negated character-range matchers.
`output := glob.match("[!a-c]at", [], "lat")`	`true`	A glob with negated character-range matchers.
`output := glob.match("{cat,bat,[fr]at}", [], "cat")`	`true`	A glob with pattern-alternatives matchers.
`output := glob.match("{cat,bat,[fr]at}", [], "bat")`	`true`	A glob with pattern-alternatives matchers.
`output := glob.match("{cat,bat,[fr]at}", [], "rat")`	`true`	A glob with pattern-alternatives matchers.
`output := glob.match("{cat,bat,[fr]at}", [], "at")`	`false`	A glob with pattern-alternatives matchers.

Conversions

Built-in	Description
`output := to_number(x)`	`output` is `x` converted to a number. `null` is converted to zero, `true` and `false` are converted to one and zero (respectively), `string` values are interpreted as base 10, and `numbers` are a no-op. Other types are not supported.

Units

Built-in	Description
`output := units.parse_bytes(x)`	`output` is `x` converted to a number with support for standard byte units (e.g., KB, KiB, etc.) KB, MB, GB, and TB are treated as decimal units and KiB, MiB, GiB, and TiB are treated as binary units.

Types

Built-in	Description
`output := is_number(x)`	`output` is `true` if `x` is a number; otherwise undefined
`output := is_string(x)`	`output` is `true` if `x` is a string; otherwise undefined
`output := is_boolean(x)`	`output` is `true` if `x` is a boolean; otherwise undefined
`output := is_array(x)`	`output` is `true` if `x` is an array; otherwise undefined
`output := is_set(x)`	`output` is `true` if `x` is a set; otherwise undefined
`output := is_object(x)`	`output` is `true` if `x` is an object; otherwise undefined
`output := is_null(x)`	`output` is `true` if `x` is null; otherwise undefined
`output := type_name(x)`	`output` is the type of `x`

Encoding

Built-in	Description
`output := base64.encode(x)`	`output` is `x` serialized to a base64 encoded string
`output := base64.decode(string)`	`output` is `x` deserialized from a base64 encoding string
`output := base64url.encode(x)`	`output` is `x` serialized to a base64url encoded string
`output := base64url.decode(string)`	`output` is `string` deserialized from a base64url encoding string
`output := urlquery.encode(string)`	`output` is `string` serialized to a URL query parameter encoded string
`output := urlquery.encode_object(object)`	`output` is `object` serialized to a URL query parameter encoded string
`output := urlquery.decode(string)`	`output` is `string` deserialized from a URL query parameter encoded string
`output := json.marshal(x)`	`output` is `x` serialized to a JSON string
`output := json.unmarshal(string)`	`output` is `string` deserialized to a term from a JSON encoded string
`output := yaml.marshal(x)`	`output` is `x` serialized to a YAML string
`output := yaml.unmarshal(string)`	`output` is `string` deserialized to a term from YAML encoded string

Token Signing

OPA provides two builtins that implement JSON Web Signature RFC7515 functionality.

io.jwt.encode_sign_raw() takes three JSON Objects (strings) as parameters and returns their JWS Compact Serialization. This builtin should be used by those that want maximum control over the signing and serialization procedure. It is important to remember that StringOrURI values are compared as case-sensitive strings with no transformations or canonicalizations applied. Therefore, line breaks and whitespaces are significant.

io.jwt.encode_sign() takes three Rego Objects as parameters and returns their JWS Compact Serialization. This builtin should be used by those that want to use rego objects for signing during policy evaluation.

Note that with io.jwt.encode_sign the Rego objects are serialized to JSON with standard formatting applied whereas the io.jwt.encode_sign_raw built-in will not affect whitespace of the strings passed in. This will mean that the final encoded token may have different string values, but the decoded and parsed JSON will match.

The following algorithms are supported:

ES256       "ES256" // ECDSA using P-256 and SHA-256
ES384       "ES384" // ECDSA using P-384 and SHA-384
ES512       "ES512" // ECDSA using P-521 and SHA-512
HS256       "HS256" // HMAC using SHA-256
HS384       "HS384" // HMAC using SHA-384
HS512       "HS512" // HMAC using SHA-512
NoSignature "none"
PS256       "PS256" // RSASSA-PSS using SHA256 and MGF1-SHA256
PS384       "PS384" // RSASSA-PSS using SHA384 and MGF1-SHA384
PS512       "PS512" // RSASSA-PSS using SHA512 and MGF1-SHA512
RS256       "RS256" // RSASSA-PKCS-v1.5 using SHA-256
RS384       "RS384" // RSASSA-PKCS-v1.5 using SHA-384
RS512       "RS512" // RSASSA-PKCS-v1.5 using SHA-512

Built-in	Description
`output := io.jwt.encode_sign_raw(headers, payload, key)`	`headers`, `payload` and `key` as strings that represent the JWS Protected Header, JWS Payload and JSON Web Key (RFC7517) respectively.
`output := io.jwt.encode_sign(headers, payload, key)`	`headers`, `payload` and `key` are JSON objects that represent the JWS Protected Header, JWS Payload and JSON Web Key (RFC7517) respectively.

Note that the key’s provided should be base64 encoded as per the specification (RFC7517). This differs from the plain text secrets provided with the algorithm specific verify built-ins described below.

Token Signing Examples

package jwt

Symmetric Key (HMAC with SHA-256)

io.jwt.encode_sign({
    "typ": "JWT",
    "alg": "HS256"
}, {
    "iss": "joe",
    "exp": 1300819380,
    "aud": ["bob", "saul"],
    "http://example.com/is_root": true,
    "privateParams": {
        "private_one": "one",
        "private_two": "two"
    }
}, {
    "kty": "oct",
    "k": "AyM1SysPpbyDfgZld3umj1qzKObwVMkoqQ-EstJQLr_T-1qS0gZH75aKtMN3Yj0iPS4hcgUuTwjAzZr1Z9CAow"
})

"eyJhbGciOiAiSFMyNTYiLCAidHlwIjogIkpXVCJ9.eyJhdWQiOiBbImJvYiIsICJzYXVsIl0sICJleHAiOiAxMzAwODE5MzgwLCAiaHR0cDovL2V4YW1wbGUuY29tL2lzX3Jvb3QiOiB0cnVlLCAiaXNzIjogImpvZSIsICJwcml2YXRlUGFyYW1zIjogeyJwcml2YXRlX29uZSI6ICJvbmUiLCAicHJpdmF0ZV90d28iOiAidHdvIn19.M10TcaFADr_JYAx7qJ71wktdyuN4IAnhWvVbgrZ5j_4"

Symmetric Key with empty JSON payload

io.jwt.encode_sign({
    "typ": "JWT",
    "alg": "HS256"},
    {}, {
    "kty": "oct",
    "k": "AyM1SysPpbyDfgZld3umj1qzKObwVMkoqQ-EstJQLr_T-1qS0gZH75aKtMN3Yj0iPS4hcgUuTwjAzZr1Z9CAow"
})

"eyJhbGciOiAiSFMyNTYiLCAidHlwIjogIkpXVCJ9.e30.Odp4A0Fj6NoKsV4Gyoy1NAmSs6KVZiC15S9VRGZyR20"

RSA Key (RSA Signature with SHA-256)

io.jwt.encode_sign({
    "alg": "RS256"
}, {
    "iss": "joe",
    "exp": 1300819380,
    "aud": ["bob", "saul"],
    "http://example.com/is_root": true,
    "privateParams": {
        "private_one": "one",
        "private_two": "two"
    }
},
{
    "kty": "RSA",
    "n": "ofgWCuLjybRlzo0tZWJjNiuSfb4p4fAkd_wWJcyQoTbji9k0l8W26mPddxHmfHQp-Vaw-4qPCJrcS2mJPMEzP1Pt0Bm4d4QlL-yRT-SFd2lZS-pCgNMsD1W_YpRPEwOWvG6b32690r2jZ47soMZo9wGzjb_7OMg0LOL-bSf63kpaSHSXndS5z5rexMdbBYUsLA9e-KXBdQOS-UTo7WTBEMa2R2CapHg665xsmtdVMTBQY4uDZlxvb3qCo5ZwKh9kG4LT6_I5IhlJH7aGhyxXFvUK-DWNmoudF8NAco9_h9iaGNj8q2ethFkMLs91kzk2PAcDTW9gb54h4FRWyuXpoQ",
    "e": "AQAB",
    "d": "Eq5xpGnNCivDflJsRQBXHx1hdR1k6Ulwe2JZD50LpXyWPEAeP88vLNO97IjlA7_GQ5sLKMgvfTeXZx9SE-7YwVol2NXOoAJe46sui395IW_GO-pWJ1O0BkTGoVEn2bKVRUCgu-GjBVaYLU6f3l9kJfFNS3E0QbVdxzubSu3Mkqzjkn439X0M_V51gfpRLI9JYanrC4D4qAdGcopV_0ZHHzQlBjudU2QvXt4ehNYTCBr6XCLQUShb1juUO1ZdiYoFaFQT5Tw8bGUl_x_jTj3ccPDVZFD9pIuhLhBOneufuBiB4cS98l2SR_RQyGWSeWjnczT0QU91p1DhOVRuOopznQ",
    "p": "4BzEEOtIpmVdVEZNCqS7baC4crd0pqnRH_5IB3jw3bcxGn6QLvnEtfdUdiYrqBdss1l58BQ3KhooKeQTa9AB0Hw_Py5PJdTJNPY8cQn7ouZ2KKDcmnPGBY5t7yLc1QlQ5xHdwW1VhvKn-nXqhJTBgIPgtldC-KDV5z-y2XDwGUc",
    "q": "uQPEfgmVtjL0Uyyx88GZFF1fOunH3-7cepKmtH4pxhtCoHqpWmT8YAmZxaewHgHAjLYsp1ZSe7zFYHj7C6ul7TjeLQeZD_YwD66t62wDmpe_HlB-TnBA-njbglfIsRLtXlnDzQkv5dTltRJ11BKBBypeeF6689rjcJIDEz9RWdc",
    "dp": "BwKfV3Akq5_MFZDFZCnW-wzl-CCo83WoZvnLQwCTeDv8uzluRSnm71I3QCLdhrqE2e9YkxvuxdBfpT_PI7Yz-FOKnu1R6HsJeDCjn12Sk3vmAktV2zb34MCdy7cpdTh_YVr7tss2u6vneTwrA86rZtu5Mbr1C1XsmvkxHQAdYo0",
    "dq": "h_96-mK1R_7glhsum81dZxjTnYynPbZpHziZjeeHcXYsXaaMwkOlODsWa7I9xXDoRwbKgB719rrmI2oKr6N3Do9U0ajaHF-NKJnwgjMd2w9cjz3_-kyNlxAr2v4IKhGNpmM5iIgOS1VZnOZ68m6_pbLBSp3nssTdlqvd0tIiTHU",
    "qi": "IYd7DHOhrWvxkwPQsRM2tOgrjbcrfvtQJipd-DlcxyVuuM9sQLdgjVk2oy26F0EmpScGLq2MowX7fhd_QJQ3ydy5cY7YIBi87w93IKLEdfnbJtoOPLUW0ITrJReOgo1cq9SbsxYawBgfp_gh6A5603k2-ZQwVK0JKSHuLFkuQ3U"
})

"eyJhbGciOiAiUlMyNTYifQ.eyJhdWQiOiBbImJvYiIsICJzYXVsIl0sICJleHAiOiAxMzAwODE5MzgwLCAiaHR0cDovL2V4YW1wbGUuY29tL2lzX3Jvb3QiOiB0cnVlLCAiaXNzIjogImpvZSIsICJwcml2YXRlUGFyYW1zIjogeyJwcml2YXRlX29uZSI6ICJvbmUiLCAicHJpdmF0ZV90d28iOiAidHdvIn19.ITpfhDICCeVV__1nHRN2CvUFni0yyYESvhNlt4ET0yiySMzJ5iySGynrsM3kgzAv7mVmx5uEtSCs_xPHyLVfVnADKmDFtkZfuvJ8jHfcOe8TUqR1f7j1Zf_kDkdqJAsuGuqkJoFJ3S_gxWcZNwtDXV56O3k_7Mq03Ixuuxtip2oF0X3fB7QtUzjzB8mWPTJDFG2TtLLOYCcobPHmn36aAgesHMzJZj8U8sRLmqPXsIc-Lo_btt8gIUc9zZSgRiy7NOSHxw5mYcIMlKl93qvLXu7AaAcVLvzlIOCGWEnFpGGcRFgSOLnShQX6hDylWavKLQG-VOUJKmtXH99KBK-OYQ"

Raw Token Signing

If you need to generate the signature for a serialized token you an use the io.jwt.encode_sign_raw built-in function which accepts JSON serialized string parameters.

io.jwt.encode_sign_raw(
    `{"typ":"JWT","alg":"HS256"}`,
     `{"iss":"joe","exp":1300819380,"http://example.com/is_root":true}`,
    `{"kty":"oct","k":"AyM1SysPpbyDfgZld3umj1qzKObwVMkoqQ-EstJQLr_T-1qS0gZH75aKtMN3Yj0iPS4hcgUuTwjAzZr1Z9CAow"}`
)

"eyJ0eXAiOiJKV1QiLCJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiJ9.eyJpc3MiOiJqb2UiLCJleHAiOjEzMDA4MTkzODAsImh0dHA6Ly9leGFtcGxlLmNvbS9pc19yb290Ijp0cnVlfQ.lliDzOlRAdGUCfCHCPx_uisb6ZfZ1LRQa0OJLeYTTpY"

Token Verification

Built-in	Description
`output := io.jwt.verify_rs256(string, certificate)`	`output` is `true` if the RS256 signature of the input token is valid. `certificate` is the PEM encoded certificate or the JWK key (set) used to verify the RS256 signature
`output := io.jwt.verify_ps256(string, certificate)`	`output` is `true` if the PS256 signature of the input token is valid. `certificate` is the PEM encoded certificate or the JWK key (set) used to verify the PS256 signature
`output := io.jwt.verify_es256(string, certificate)`	`output` is `true` if the ES256 signature of the input token is valid. `certificate` is the PEM encoded certificate or the JWK key (set) used to verify the ES256 signature
`output := io.jwt.verify_hs256(string, secret)`	`output` is `true` if the Secret signature of the input token is valid. `secret` is a plain text secret used to verify the HS256 signature
`output := io.jwt.decode(string)`	`output` is of the form `[header, payload, sig]`. `header` and `payload` are `object`. `sig` is the hexadecimal representation of the signature on the token.
`output := io.jwt.decode_verify(string, constraints)`	`output` is of the form `[valid, header, payload]`. If the input token verifies and meets the requirements of `constraints` then `valid` is `true` and `header` and `payload` are objects containing the JOSE header and the JWT claim set. Otherwise, `valid` is `false` and `header` and `payload` are `{}`.

Note that the io.jwt.verify_XX built-in methods verify only the signature. They do not provide any validation for the JWT payload and any claims specified. The io.jwt.decode_verify built-in will verify the payload and all standard claims.

The input string is a JSON Web Token encoded with JWS Compact Serialization. JWE and JWS JSON Serialization are not supported. If nested signing was used, the header, payload and signature will represent the most deeply nested token.

For io.jwt.decode_verify, constraints is an object with the following members:

Name	Meaning	Required
`cert`	A PEM encoded certificate or a JWK key (set) containing an RSA or ECDSA public key.	See below
`secret`	The secret key for HS256, HS384 and HS512 verification.	See below
`alg`	The JWA algorithm name to use. If it is absent then any algorithm that is compatible with the key is accepted.	Optional
`iss`	The issuer string. If it is present the only tokens with this issuer are accepted. If it is absent then any issuer is accepted.	Optional
`time`	The time in nanoseconds to verify the token at. If this is present then the `exp` and `nbf` claims are compared against this value. If it is absent then they are compared against the current time.	Optional
`aud`	The audience that the verifier identifies with. If this is present then the `aud` claim is checked against it. If it is absent then the `aud` claim must be absent too.	Optional

Exactly one of cert and secret must be present. If there are any unrecognized constraints then the token is considered invalid.

Token Verification Examples

The examples below use the following token:

es256_token = "eyJ0eXAiOiAiSldUIiwgImFsZyI6ICJFUzI1NiJ9.eyJuYmYiOiAxNDQ0NDc4NDAwLCAiaXNzIjogInh4eCJ9.lArczfN-pIL8oUU-7PU83u-zfXougXBZj6drFeKFsPEoVhy9WAyiZlRshYqjTSXdaw8yw2L-ovt4zTUZb2PWMg"

Using JWKS

This example shows a two-step process to verify the token signature and then decode it for further checks of the payload content. This approach gives more flexibility in verifying only the claims that the policy needs to enforce.

jwks = `{
    "keys": [{
        "kty":"EC",
        "crv":"P-256",
        "x":"z8J91ghFy5o6f2xZ4g8LsLH7u2wEpT2ntj8loahnlsE",
        "y":"7bdeXLH61KrGWRdh7ilnbcGQACxykaPKfmBccTHIOUo"
    }]
}`

io.jwt.verify_es256(es256_token, jwks)                  # Verify the token with the JWKS
[header, payload, _] := io.jwt.decode(es256_token)      # Decode the token
payload.iss == "xxx"                                    # Ensure the issuer (`iss`) claim is the expected value

+-----------------------------+--------------------------------+
|           header            |            payload             |
+-----------------------------+--------------------------------+
| {"alg":"ES256","typ":"JWT"} | {"iss":"xxx","nbf":1444478400} |
+-----------------------------+--------------------------------+

The next example shows doing the token signature verification, decoding, and content checks all in one call using io.jwt.decode_verify. Note that this gives less flexibility in validating the payload content as all claims defined in the JWT spec are verified with the provided constraints.

[valid, header, payload] := io.jwt.decode_verify(es256_token, {
    "cert": jwks,
    "iss": "xxx",
})

+-----------------------------+--------------------------------+-------+
|           header            |            payload             | valid |
+-----------------------------+--------------------------------+-------+
| {"alg":"ES256","typ":"JWT"} | {"iss":"xxx","nbf":1444478400} | true  |
+-----------------------------+--------------------------------+-------+

Using PEM encoded X.509 Certificate

The following examples will demonstrate verifying tokens using an X.509 Certificate defined as:

cert = `-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
MIIBcDCCARagAwIBAgIJAMZmuGSIfvgzMAoGCCqGSM49BAMCMBMxETAPBgNVBAMM
CHdoYXRldmVyMB4XDTE4MDgxMDE0Mjg1NFoXDTE4MDkwOTE0Mjg1NFowEzERMA8G
A1UEAwwId2hhdGV2ZXIwWTATBgcqhkjOPQIBBggqhkjOPQMBBwNCAATPwn3WCEXL
mjp/bFniDwuwsfu7bASlPae2PyWhqGeWwe23Xlyx+tSqxlkXYe4pZ23BkAAscpGj
yn5gXHExyDlKo1MwUTAdBgNVHQ4EFgQUElRjSoVgKjUqY5AXz2o74cLzzS8wHwYD
VR0jBBgwFoAUElRjSoVgKjUqY5AXz2o74cLzzS8wDwYDVR0TAQH/BAUwAwEB/zAK
BggqhkjOPQQDAgNIADBFAiEA4yQ/88ZrUX68c6kOe9G11u8NUaUzd8pLOtkKhniN
OHoCIHmNX37JOqTcTzGn2u9+c8NlnvZ0uDvsd1BmKPaUmjmm
-----END CERTIFICATE-----`

io.jwt.verify_es256(es256_token, cert)                # Verify the token with the certificate
[header, payload, _] := io.jwt.decode(es256_token)    # Decode the token
payload.iss == "xxx"                                  # Ensure the issuer claim is the expected value

+-----------------------------+--------------------------------+
|           header            |            payload             |
+-----------------------------+--------------------------------+
| {"alg":"ES256","typ":"JWT"} | {"iss":"xxx","nbf":1444478400} |
+-----------------------------+--------------------------------+

The next example shows doing the same token signature verification, decoding, and content checks but instead with a single call to io.jwt.decode_verify. Note that this gives less flexibility in validating the payload content as all claims defined in the JWT spec are verified with the provided constraints.

[valid, header, payload] := io.jwt.decode_verify(     # Decode and verify in one-step
    es256_token,
    {                                                 # With the supplied constraints:
        "cert": cert,                                 #   Verify the token with the certificate
        "iss": "xxx",                                 #   Ensure the issuer claim is the expected value
    }
)

+-----------------------------+--------------------------------+-------+
|           header            |            payload             | valid |
+-----------------------------+--------------------------------+-------+
| {"alg":"ES256","typ":"JWT"} | {"iss":"xxx","nbf":1444478400} | true  |
+-----------------------------+--------------------------------+-------+

Round Trip - Sign and Verify

This example shows how to encode a token, verify, and decode it with the different options available.

Start with using the io.jwt.encode_sign_raw built-in:

raw_result_hs256 := io.jwt.encode_sign_raw(
    `{"alg":"HS256","typ":"JWT"}`,
    `{}`,
    `{"kty":"oct","k":"Zm9v"}`  	# "Zm9v" is the base64 URL encoded string "foo"
)

# Important!! - Use the un-encoded plain text secret to verify and decode
raw_result_valid_hs256 := io.jwt.verify_hs256(raw_result_hs256, "foo")
raw_result_parts_hs256 := io.jwt.decode_verify(raw_result_hs256, {"secret": "foo"})

+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+------------------------+
|                                    raw_result_hs256                                    |        raw_result_parts_hs256         | raw_result_valid_hs256 |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+------------------------+
| "eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiIsInR5cCI6IkpXVCJ9.e30.Duw7jWmGY54yEu6kcqd2w1TKp1EspzboBnx8EeMc-z0" | [true,{"alg":"HS256","typ":"JWT"},{}] | true                   |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+------------------------+

Now encode the and sign the same token contents but with io.jwt.encode_sign instead of the raw varient.

result_hs256 := io.jwt.encode_sign(
    {
        "alg":"HS256",
        "typ":"JWT"
    },
    {},
    {
        "kty":"oct",
        "k":"Zm9v"
    }
)

# Important!! - Use the un-encoded plain text secret to verify and decode
result_parts_hs256 := io.jwt.decode_verify(result_hs256, {"secret": "foo"})
result_valid_hs256 := io.jwt.verify_hs256(result_hs256, "foo")

+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+--------------------+
|                                        result_hs256                                        |          result_parts_hs256           | result_valid_hs256 |
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+--------------------+
| "eyJhbGciOiAiSFMyNTYiLCAidHlwIjogIkpXVCJ9.e30.h4crob8QjgDq0JlZpf5mtylPvUzULS0XzdbG2-z_YKc" | [true,{"alg":"HS256","typ":"JWT"},{}] | true               |
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+--------------------+

Note that the resulting encoded token is different from the first example using io.jwt.encode_sign_raw. The reason is that the io.jwt.encode_sign function is using canonicalized formatting for the header and payload whereas io.jwt.encode_sign_raw does not change the whitespace of the strings passed in. The decoded and parsed JSON values are still the same.

Time

Built-in	Description
`output := time.now_ns()`	`output` is `number` representing the current time since epoch in nanoseconds.
`output := time.parse_ns(layout, value)`	`output` is `number` representing the time `value` in nanoseconds since epoch. See the Go `time` package documentation for more details on `layout`.
`output := time.parse_rfc3339_ns(value)`	`output` is `number` representing the time `value` in nanoseconds since epoch.
`output := time.parse_duration_ns(duration)`	`output` is `number` representing the duration `duration` in nanoseconds. See the Go `time` package documentation for more details on `duration`.
`output := time.date(ns)` `output := time.date([ns, tz])`	`output` is of the form `[year, month, day]`, which includes the `year`, `month` (0-12), and `day` (0-31) as `number`s representing the date from the nanoseconds since epoch (`ns`) in the timezone (`tz`), if supplied, or as UTC.
`output := time.clock(ns)` `output := time.clock([ns, tz])`	`output` is of the form `[hour, minute, second]`, which outputs the `hour`, `minute` (0-59), and `second` (0-59) as `number`s representing the time of day for the nanoseconds since epoch (`ns`) in the timezone (`tz`), if supplied, or as UTC.
`day := time.weekday(ns)` `day := time.weekday([ns, tz])`	outputs the `day` as `string` representing the day of the week for the nanoseconds since epoch (`ns`) in the timezone (`tz`), if supplied, or as UTC.

Multiple calls to the time.now_ns built-in function within a single policy evaluation query will always return the same value.

Timezones can be specified as

an IANA Time Zone string e.g. “America/New_York”
“UTC” or “”, which are equivalent to not passing a timezone (i.e. will return as UTC)
“Local”, which will use the local timezone.

Note that the opa executable will need access to the timezone files in the environment it is running in (see the Go time.LoadLocation() documentation for more information).

Cryptography

Built-in	Description
`output := crypto.x509.parse_certificates(string)`	`output` is an array of X.509 certificates represented as JSON objects.
`output := crypto.md5(string)`	`output` is `string` md5 hashed.
`output := crypto.sha1(string)`	`output` is `string` sha1 hashed.
`output := crypto.sha256(string)`	`output` is `string` sha256 hashed.

Graphs

Built-in	Description
`walk(x, [path, value])`	`walk` is a relation that produces `path` and `value` pairs for documents under `x`. `path` is `array` representing a pointer to `value` in `x`. Queries can use `walk` to traverse documents nested under `x` (recursively).

HTTP

Built-in	Description
`response := http.send(request)`	`http.send` executes an HTTP `request` and returns a `response`.

The request object parameter may contain the following fields:

Field	Required	Type	Description
`url`	yes	`string`	HTTP URL to specify in the request (e.g., `"https://www.openpolicyagent.org"`).
`method`	yes	`string`	HTTP method to specify in request (e.g., `"GET"`, `"POST"`, `"PUT"`, etc.)
`body`	no	`any`	HTTP message body to include in request. The value will be serialized to JSON.
`raw_body`	no	`string`	HTTP message body to include in request. The value WILL NOT be serialized. Use this for non-JSON messages.
`headers`	no	`object`	HTTP headers to include in the request (e.g,. `{"X-Opa": "rules"}`).
`enable_redirect`	no	`boolean`	Follow HTTP redirects. Default: `false`.
`force_json_decode`	no	`boolean`	Decode the HTTP response message body as JSON even if the `Content-Type` header is missing. Default: `false`.
`tls_use_system_certs`	no	`boolean`	Use system certificate pool.
`tls_ca_cert_file`	no	`string`	Path to file containing a root certificate in PEM encoded format.
`tls_ca_cert_env_variable`	no	`string`	Environment variable containing a root certificate in PEM encoded format.
`tls_client_cert_env_variable`	no	`string`	Environment variable containing a client certificate in PEM encoded format.
`tls_client_key_env_variable`	no	`string`	Environment variable containing a client key in PEM encoded format.
`tls_client_cert_file`	no	`string`	Path to file containing a client certificate in PEM encoded format.
`tls_client_key_file`	no	`string`	Path to file containing a key in PEM encoded format.
`timeout`	no	`string` or `number`	Timeout for the HTTP request with a default of 5 seconds (`5s`). Numbers provided are in nanoseconds. Strings must be a valid duration string where a duration string is a possibly signed sequence of decimal numbers, each with optional fraction and a unit suffix, such as “300ms”, “-1.5h” or “2h45m”. Valid time units are “ns”, “us” (or “µs”), “ms”, “s”, “m”, “h”. A zero timeout means no timeout.

When sending HTTPS requests with client certificates at least one the following combinations must be included

tls_client_cert_file and tls_client_key_file
tls_client_cert_env_variable and tls_client_key_env_variable

The user must also provide a trusted root CA through tls_ca_cert_file or tls_ca_cert_env_variable. Alternatively the user could set tls_use_system_certs to true and the system certificate pool will be used.

The response object parameter will contain the following fields:

Field	Type	Description
`status`	`string`	HTTP status message (e.g., `"200 OK"`).
`status_code`	`number`	HTTP status code (e.g., `200`).
`body`	`any`	Any JSON value. If the HTTP response message body was not deserialized from JSON, this field is set to `null`.
`raw_body`	`string`	The entire raw HTTP resposne message body represented as a string.

The table below shows examples of calling http.send:

Example	Comments
Accessing Google using System Cert Pool	`http.send({"method": "get", "url": "https://www.google.com", "tls_use_system_certs": true })`
Files containing TLS material	`http.send({"method": "get", "url": "https://127.0.0.1:65331", "tls_ca_cert_file": "testdata/ca.pem", "tls_client_cert_file": "testdata/client-cert.pem", "tls_client_key_file": "testdata/client-key.pem"})`
Environment variables containing TLS material	`http.send({"method": "get", "url": "https://127.0.0.1:65360", "tls_ca_cert_env_variable": "CLIENT_CA_ENV", "tls_client_cert_env_variable": "CLIENT_CERT_ENV", "tls_client_key_env_variable": "CLIENT_KEY_ENV"})`

Net

Built-in	Description
`net.cidr_contains(cidr, cidr_or_ip)`	`output` is `true` if `cidr_or_ip` (e.g. `127.0.0.64/26` or `127.0.0.1`) is contained within `cidr` (e.g. `127.0.0.1/24`) and false otherwise. Supports both IPv4 and IPv6 notations.
`net.cidr_intersects(cidr1, cidr2)`	`output` is `true` if `cidr1` (e.g. `192.168.0.0/16`) overlaps with `cidr2` (e.g. `192.168.1.0/24`) and false otherwise. Supports both IPv4 and IPv6 notations.
`net.cidr_expand(cidr)`	`output` is the set of hosts in `cidr` (e.g., `net.cidr_expand("192.168.0.0/30")` generates 4 hosts: `{"192.168.0.0", "192.168.0.1", "192.168.0.2", "192.168.0.3"}`

Rego

Built-in	Description
`output := rego.parse_module(filename, string)`	`rego.parse_module` parses the input `string` as a Rego module and returns the AST as a JSON object `output`.

OPA

Built-in Description

output := opa.runtime() opa.runtime returns a JSON object output that describes the runtime environment where OPA is deployed. Caution: Policies that depend on the output of opa.runtime may return different answers depending on how OPA was started. If possible, prefer using an explicit input or data value instead of opa.runtime. The output of opa.runtime will include a "config" key if OPA was started with a configuration file. The output of opa.runtime will include a "env" key containing the environment variables that the OPA process was started with. The output of opa.runtime will include "version" and "commit" keys containing the semantic version and build commit of OPA.

Built-in	Description
`output := opa.runtime()`	`opa.runtime` returns a JSON object `output` that describes the runtime environment where OPA is deployed. Caution: Policies that depend on the output of `opa.runtime` may return different answers depending on how OPA was started. If possible, prefer using an explicit `input` or `data` value instead of `opa.runtime`. The `output` of `opa.runtime` will include a `"config"` key if OPA was started with a configuration file. The `output` of `opa.runtime` will include a `"env"` key containing the environment variables that the OPA process was started with. The `output` of `opa.runtime` will include `"version"` and `"commit"` keys containing the semantic version and build commit of OPA.

Debugging

Built-in	Description
`trace(string)`	`trace` outputs the debug message `string` as a `Note` event in the query explanation. For example, `trace("Hello There!")` includes `Note "Hello There!"` in the query explanation. To print variables, use sprintf. For example, `person := "Bob"; trace(sprintf("Hello There! %v", [person]))` will emit `Note "Hello There! Bob"`.

Reserved Names

The following words are reserved and cannot be used as variable names, rule names, or dot-access style reference arguments:

as
default
else
false
import
package
not
null
true
with

Grammar

Rego’s syntax is defined by the following grammar:

module          = package { import } policy
package         = "package" ref
import          = "import" package [ "as" var ]
policy          = { rule }
rule            = [ "default" ] rule-head { rule-body }
rule-head       = var [ "(" rule-args ")" ] [ "[" term "]" ] [ ( ":=" / "=" ) term ]
rule-args       = term { "," term }
rule-body       = [ else [ = term ] ] "{" query "}"
query           = literal { ";" | [\r\n] literal }
literal         = ( some-decl | expr | "not" expr ) { with-modifier }
with-modifier   = "with" term "as" term
some-decl       = "some" var { "," var }
expr            = term | expr-call | expr-infix
expr-call       = var [ "." var ] "(" [ term { , term } ] ")"
expr-infix      = [ term "=" ] term infix-operator term
term            = ref | var | scalar | array | object | set | array-compr | object-compr | set-compr
array-compr     = "[" term "|" rule-body "]"
set-compr       = "{" term "|" rule-body "}"
object-compr    = "{" object-item "|" rule-body "}"
infix-operator  = bool-operator | arith-operator | bin-operator
bool-operator   = "==" | "!=" | "<" | ">" | ">=" | "<="
arith-operator  = "+" | "-" | "*" | "/"
bin-operator    = "&" | "|"
ref             = ( var | array | object | set | array-compr | object-compr | set-compr | expr-call ) { ref-arg }
ref-arg         = ref-arg-dot | ref-arg-brack
ref-arg-brack   = "[" ( scalar | var | array | object | set | "_" ) "]"
ref-arg-dot     = "." var
var             = ( ALPHA | "_" ) { ALPHA | DIGIT | "_" }
scalar          = string | NUMBER | TRUE | FALSE | NULL
string          = STRING | raw-string
raw-string      = "`" { CHAR-"`" } "`"
array           = "[" term { "," term } "]"
object          = "{" object-item { "," object-item } "}"
object-item     = ( scalar | ref | var ) ":" term
set             = empty-set | non-empty-set
non-empty-set   = "{" term { "," term } "}"
empty-set       = "set(" ")"

The grammar defined above makes use of the following syntax. See the Wikipedia page on EBNF for more details:

[]     optional (zero or one instances)
{}     repetition (zero or more instances)
|      alternation (one of the instances)
()     grouping (order of expansion)
STRING JSON string
NUMBER JSON number
TRUE   JSON true
FALSE  JSON false
NULL   JSON null
CHAR   Unicode character
ALPHA  ASCII characters A-Z and a-z
DIGIT  ASCII characters 0-9

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